Adenosine is a powerful immunosuppressor that binds A2a and A2b receptors on tumor-infiltrating immune cells, which hinders their ability to fight cancer. As growing tumors respond to cellular stresses, such as chemotherapy, they release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into the tumor microenvironment. CD39 enzymatically converts ATP to adenosine monophosphate (AMP); CD73 enzymatically converts AMP to adenosine.